YAMLのアンカーとエイリアスを解説 — DRYな設定ファイルを書く

# Define the anchor once
default_timeout: &timeout 30

# Reference it multiple times
services:
  api:
    timeout: *timeout      # → 30
  worker:
    timeout: *timeout      # → 30
  scheduler:
    timeout: *timeout      # → 30

# Define a base configuration block
base_service: &base
  restart: unless-stopped
  logging:
    driver: json-file
    options:
      max-size: "10m"
      max-file: "3"
  networks:
    - app-network

# Merge it into specific services
services:
  api:
    <<: *base              # merge all keys from base_service
    image: my-api:latest
    ports:
      - "8080:8080"

  worker:
    <<: *base              # same base config
    image: my-worker:latest
    command: ["node", "worker.js"]

  scheduler:
    <<: *base              # and again
    image: my-scheduler:latest
    command: ["node", "cron.js"]

# BEFORE — repetitive and hard to maintain
version: "3.9"
services:
  api:
    restart: unless-stopped
    env_file: .env
    networks: [app-network]
    logging:
      driver: json-file
      options:
        max-size: "10m"
    depends_on:
      - postgres

  worker:
    restart: unless-stopped
    env_file: .env
    networks: [app-network]
    logging:
      driver: json-file
      options:
        max-size: "10m"
    depends_on:
      - postgres

  mailer:
    restart: unless-stopped
    env_file: .env
    networks: [app-network]
    logging:
      driver: json-file
      options:
        max-size: "10m"
    depends_on:
      - postgres

# AFTER — DRY and easy to maintain
version: "3.9"

x-common: &common
  restart: unless-stopped
  env_file: .env
  networks: [app-network]
  logging:
    driver: json-file
    options:
      max-size: "10m"
  depends_on:
    - postgres

services:
  api:
    <<: *common
    image: my-api:2.4.1
    ports:
      - "8080:8080"

  worker:
    <<: *common
    image: my-worker:2.4.1
    command: ["node", "worker.js"]

  mailer:
    <<: *common
    image: my-mailer:2.4.1
    command: ["node", "mailer.js"]

name: Build and Test

on: [push, pull_request]

# Shared setup steps
x-setup-steps: &setup-steps
  - uses: actions/checkout@v4
  - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
    with:
      node-version: "20"
      cache: npm
  - run: npm ci

jobs:
  lint:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - *setup-steps
      - run: npm run lint

  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - *setup-steps
      - run: npm test -- --coverage

  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - *setup-steps
      - run: npm run build

# Anchors at the top of the file (or in a shared ConfigMap generator)
x-resources:
  small: &resources-small
    requests:
      memory: "64Mi"
      cpu: "50m"
    limits:
      memory: "256Mi"
      cpu: "200m"
  large: &resources-large
    requests:
      memory: "256Mi"
      cpu: "200m"
    limits:
      memory: "1Gi"
      cpu: "1000m"

---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: frontend
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: frontend
          image: frontend:latest
          resources: *resources-small    # reuse small profile

---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: api
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: api
          image: api:latest
          resources: *resources-large    # reuse large profile

defaults: &defaults
  color: blue
  size: medium
  weight: light

overrides: &overrides
  color: red          # will override defaults.color
  weight: heavy       # will override defaults.weight

result:
  <<: [*overrides, *defaults]    # overrides takes priority
  name: widget
# Result: color=red, size=medium, weight=heavy, name=widget